Welcome to our new ‘Veterinary Glossary’ page. We have been busy rebuilding the webpage in order to enhance your user experience and create value for 'you' our clients with an array of information and tools to help with your pet care.
We endeavor to continue to grow and expand our service to you in many ways one being this website veterinary glossary.
Ever have a hard time understanding veterinary or medical jargon? Here is a handy list of common veterinary terms and medical conditions that you might come across. If you have any questions, please feel free to give us a call as we would be happy to explain or point you to further information to help.
The abdomen is that part of the body, lying between the chest and pelvis, containing the digestive organs (i.e. the belly)
Localised accumulation of pus in a cavity; usually associated with infection. A common outcome of cat fights.
A rapid and often severe onset. (e.g. acute infection)
Is a rare, disorder in which the adrenal glands produce insufficient steroid hormones (corticosteroids). Lifelong treatment with steroid replacement therapy is required, with regular follow-up treatment and monitoring for other health problems.
Pertaining to food or the digestive tract (alimentary canal).
An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction. In allergic animals, the immune system recognizes allergens as “foreign” or “dangerous” and responds accordingly. In non-allergic animals these substances cause no immune response.
Loss of hair from the head or body. Hair loss, or alopecia, can have a variety of causes, including parasites, hormone imbalance, food allergies and infection. In order to treat your pet’s skin problem, it is important to identify the cause.
A lower than normal level of red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) carrying oxygen to the body.
Anaesthesia is the total loss of feeling or sensation. It is induced with drugs to allow surgery or procedures to be performed without causing pain. Anaesthesia may be applied to the whole body, when it is known as general anaesthesia, or to part of the body, when it is known as local anaesthesia.
The relief of pain. An analgesic is something designed to relieve pain.
Anaphylaxis refers to a rapidly developing and serious allergic reaction that affects a number of different areas of the body at one time. Severe anaphylactic reactions can be fatal.
A compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections.
Also known as an immunoglobulin is a large Y-shaped protein to identify and neutralize foreign antigens like bacteria and viruses.
A medication used to treat vomiting and nausea.
A medication used to treat fungal infections such as ringworm.
A substance that triggers the production of an antibody. The immune system recognizes an antigen as a foreign and potentially harmful invader (e.g. bacteria and viruses).
A medication to relieve itching.
A medication to reduce a fever or high temperature.
A medication to relieve coughing. Veterinarians often prescribe antitussive medications to pets that suffer from conditions that cause severe or intense coughing, such as canine cough.
Disruption in the regularity of the heartbeat. They occur when the electrical impulses to the heart that co-ordinate heartbeats are not working properly, making the heart beat too fast/slow or inconsistently.
Opening at the end of an animal’s digestive tract where faeces are expelled.
Pertaining to a joint.
The build-up of additional fluid in the abdomen, otherwise called the peritoneal cavity.
To draw in or out using a sucking motion. Aspiration can also mean breathing in a foreign object (such as inhaling food into the airway).
If a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but is not experiencing clinical signs.
A neurological sign that consists of a lack of motor coordination of muscle movements. It often manifests as wobbliness or unsteadiness in animals.
Is a predisposition toward developing certain allergic reactions. Commonly used to describe atopic dermatitis, which results in skin irritation and inflammation.
An irregular heart rhythm associated with disorganized electrical activity in the upper two chambers of the heart (atria). Its name comes from the fibrillating (i.e. quivering) of the heart muscles of the atria, instead of a coordinated contraction. The result of the rapid, irregular beats is ineffective filling of the ventricles, the bottom two chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the body.
Most commonly refers to a chamber in which blood enters the heart, as opposed to the ventricle, where it is pushed out.
Atrophy is the progressive decrease in the size of an organ or tissue.
Weakened. Normally refers to an attenuated vaccine whereby the disease-causing abilities of the vaccine components are weakened or attenuated during the manufacturing process to make them safe upon administration.
Auscultation is a method used to listen to the sounds of the body during a physical examination, usually with a stethoscope.
A medical condition characterized by an overactive immune system which attacks the body, mistaking normal tissues in the body for harmful substances.
A medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as urea and creatinine, commonly as a result of kidney malfunction or dehydration.
A bacterium is a unicellular microorganism which represents one of the most basic and primitive forms of life. Bacteria are everywhere. Some bacteria are capable of causing disease in animals.
Harmless.
Meaning two sides.
A green/yellow liquid formed in the liver. Bile plays a vital role in the digestion of fats.
The removal of a sample of tissue or cells from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
A female dog.
A sac that receives and holds a liquid until it is excreted. Often refers to the urinary bladder.
A medical condition in which the stomach becomes overstretched by excessive gas. Bloat is a very serious health risk for many deep-chested dogs.
The amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood.
Bone marrow is a spongy, fatty tissue that houses stem cells, located inside a few large bones. These stem cells transform themselves into white and red blood cells and platelets.
The rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas through the stomach and/or intestines.
An abnormally slow heart rate.
The large airways within the lungs.
A substance that dilates the airways in the lungs.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, in the blood. It can be used as an aid to measure kidney function.
Part of the gastrointestinal tract between the small and large intestines. It is a small, coiled organ in dogs.
The build-up of calcium salts in soft tissue, causing it to harden.
A concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ of the body. Bladder or kidney stones are an example of calculus.
A class of disease in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth and invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues. Cancers sometimes spread to other locations in the body. This term is normally used to describe malignant tumours.
This fungus or yeast can normally be found in areas of the body such as the mouth, the genital and intestinal tracts. It can cause disease in animals.
Pertaining to dogs.
Canine parvovirus is a disease that affects dogs of all ages but is most serious in young pups and older dogs. The virus attacks the intestines causing bloodstained diarrhoea, uncontrollable vomiting and severe abdominal pain. Dogs often die from severe dehydration despite intensive veterinary care.
It is not necessary to have direct contact with other dogs for the disease to be spread. The virus is so persistent that the infected dog’s environment needs to be cleaned with a potent disinfectant to prevent spread to other dogs. Outbreaks occur regularly throughout Australia, especially in summer.
Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that can affect dogs of any age with young puppies being at highest risk.
Symptoms vary but can include fever, coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and depression. Muscle tremors, fits and paralysis usually occur later in the disease. Treatment is usually ineffective and the recovery rate very low. Dogs that do recover may have permanent brain damage.
Canine hepatitis is a viral disease which, like distemper is extremely contagious and often fatal. Dogs of any age can become infected, however severe cases are rare in dogs over two years of age.
Symptoms include high fever, depression, and loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea and acute abdominal pain. In severe cases death can occur within 24 to 36 hours. Dogs that recover may develop long term liver and kidney problems and can act as carriers spreading the disease to other dogs for many months.
Canine cough is a condition produced by several highly infectious diseases, which can be easily spread wherever dogs congregate, such as parks, shows, obedience schools and boarding kennels. Among the infectious agents associated with canine cough is the bacterium known as Bordetella bronchiseptica and the canine viruses parainfluenza, adenovirus type 2 and distemper.
Affected dogs have a dry hacking cough which can persist for several weeks. It is distressing for pet dogs and their owners. It is a major problem for working and sporting dogs. Pneumonia can also be a consequence of infection.
Canine coronavirus is another contagious virus and causes depression, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea especially in young dogs. Diarrhoea may last for several days in some cases. Although most dogs will recover with treatment, coronavirus has the potential to be fatal, especially if other infectious agents such as parvovirus are present.
Canine leptospirosis is a serious disease risk in some areas and can cause high death rates. It is spread by the urine of rats and is usually transmitted to dogs by contaminated food and water, or by rat bites.
There’s an increased risk where high rat populations exist such as rubbish dumps or green sugar cane cutting areas. Incidence can also increase after long periods of wet weather, when rat populations are forced to move or concentrate. Leptospirosis is an animal disease that can be passed to humans who may then suffer a persisting “flu like” illness.
Canine parvovirus is a disease that affects dogs of all ages but is most serious in young pups and older dogs. The virus attacks the intestines causing bloodstained diarrhoea, uncontrollable vomiting and severe abdominal pain. Dogs often die from severe dehydration despite intensive veterinary care.
It is not necessary to have direct contact with other dogs for the disease to be spread. The virus is so persistent that the infected dog’s environment needs to be cleaned with a potent disinfectant to prevent spread to other dogs. Outbreaks occur regularly throughout Australia, especially in summer.
A subtype of cancer that arises from epithelial cells. Epithelial cells form the lining of our internal organs, cavities, glands, and skin.
Pertaining to the heart.
Literally means “heart muscle disease”.
A term relating to both the heart and lungs.
Refers to the circulatory system comprising the heart and blood vessels which carries nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes.
The animal equivalent of our wrist.
Removal of the testicles.
White opacities in the lens of the eye. Cataracts are one of the most common problems affecting the eyes of the dog. There are many different forms and causes of cataract formation. Severe cataracts can cause blindness and may be an indicator of underlying diseases like diabetes.
A term meaning toward the tail or the posterior end of the body.
Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
A region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control and co-ordination.
A region of the brain that controls emotional, behavioural and learning functions.
Treatment of cancer with drugs. The drugs used are slightly more toxic to cancer cells than healthy cells, so the cancer is treated without causing permanent damage.
A disease of slow onset and of long duration. (e.g. chronic osteoarthritis).
A chronic disease of the liver whereby healthy tissue is replaced by scar tissue.
The process by which the body forms a blood clot (thrombus) that prevents further blood loss from damaged tissues, blood vessels or organs.
A defect in the body’s mechanism for making blood clots.
Coccidia are microscopic, single celled organisms that infect animal cells. They can cause watery or bloody diarrhoea in pets.
Inflammation of the large intestine (colon).
The section of the large intestine extending from the caecum to the rectum.
Colostrum is an antibody-rich milk which is secreted by all female animals during the first few days of a newborn’s life.
A state of unconsciousness from which an animal cannot be awakened.
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as full blood count (FBC) or blood panel, is a test that gives information about the cells in a patient’s blood. It is used to evaluate overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anaemia and infection.
Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the bones and soft tissues inside your pet’s body.
A condition that is present at birth.
The tissue lining the inner surface of the eyelids and covering the white of the eyes (sclera).
Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
A condition in which bowel movements occur less often than usual or consist of hard, dry stools that are painful or difficult to pass.
The eating of faeces. Is considered normal behaviour in some species, such as rabbits. However, in other species coprophagy can be related to certain diseases or behavioural problems.
Vaccines which are strongly recommended, and sometimes even required. For example, parvovirus vaccine in dogs or panleucopenia in cats.
The clear front part of the eye.
Any of the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal gland or their synthetic equivalents.
Pertaining to the head or in the direction of the head.
The propagation of microorganisms in a growth media. Used to diagnose and guide treatment for infectious diseases.
A condition where abnormalities in either the pituitary gland or adrenal glands cause the release of too much natural cortisone (corticosteroid).
Relating to, or affecting the skin.
A bluish colour of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood.
A pathologic space in bone or soft tissue containing fluid or semi-solid material.
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Refers to a branch of pathology that deals with making diagnoses of diseases based on the examination of cells.
The excessive loss of body water.
Pertaining to the skin.
Inflammation of the skin.
A disease where the body is unable to absorb sugars (glucose). It is commonly treated with insulin.
A test to determine the presence or cause of disease.
Excessive and frequent evacuation of watery faeces, usually indicating gastrointestinal distress or disorder.
The organs responsible for the transit and metabolism of food in the body. These organs include salivary glands, mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, colon, rectum, and anus.
A disorder in which the chambers of the heart are dilated (enlarged). The heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump effectively.
A cleaning process which destroys most microorganisms, but not highly resistant forms.
An infectious viral disease occurring in dogs. Clinical signs include loss of appetite, a discharge from the eyes and nose, vomiting, fever, lethargy, partial paralysis and sometimes death.
A substance increases the production of urine.
An animal that is not wild and is kept as a pet or to produce food.
Also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is a condition that results from the inadequate production of tears.
The first part of the small intestine. The duodenum extends from the stomach to the jejunum (the second part of the small intestine).
Length of time an animal is protected from a disease after vaccination. Vaccines for some diseases provide a long duration of immunity, others only provide immunity for up to a year.
Difficulty in swallowing.
A term used in pathology meaning abnormal development of tissues.
Difficult or laboured breathing; shortness of breath.
Difficult birth.
Painful or difficult urination.
The narrow tube, between the ear and ear drum, through which sound enters the ear.
The thin membrane that separates the middle ear from the external ear. Also called the tympanic membrane.
Mites that live in the ears of animals. They can just barely be seen as a small white dot with the naked eye.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
A test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart (i.e. an ultrasound of the heart).
A parasite, such as a flea, that lives on the exterior of an animal.
Meaning “out of place.” (e.g. an ectopic pregnancy is one that has implanted outside the reproductive system)
In medicine, certain mineral elements that are critically important to life, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorous.
A medical device that is shaped just like a cone and is used to prevent the animal from biting, licking, and scratching at wounds and injuries while they heal.
A wasted condition of the body.
Vomiting.
Inflammation of the brain.
Disease, damage, or malfunction of the brain.
Pertaining to hormones and the glands that make them. These hormones regulate an animal’s growth, physiology and sexual development.
A lighted medical instrument used to examine organs such as the oesophagus, stomach or airways.
A breathing tube placed into the trachea. Commonly used during anaesthesia to facilitate delivery of oxygen and anaesthetic to the lungs.
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the small intestine.
The act of injecting a poisonous material (venom) by sting, spine or bite.
Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reaction. Almost all processes in a cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates.
The outer layer of the skin.
Technical name for bleeding from the nose.
Redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels caused by irritation or injury to the tissue.
A red blood cell.
Bodily waste matter derived from ingested food that is discharged through the anus; also called stool.
An unborn animal in the later stages of development showing recognisable features of the mature animal.
A diagnostic procedure sometimes used to investigate superficial (just under the skin) lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass to extract cells that, after being stained, will be examined under a microscope.
Generating excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract.
A small cavity or deep narrow-mouthed depression (e.g. hair follicle).
Any abnormal substance within the body. Commonly used to describe foreign material under the skin (eg splinters, glass) or in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. toys, balls, bones).
Breaking of hard tissue such as bone. May be caused by trauma or bone disease.
The manner of walking or moving. Assessed to determine the cause of lameness in animals.
Relating to or involving the stomach.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
Relating to the stomach and intestines.
The carrying of an embryo or foetus.
Pertaining to the gums.
Inflammation of the gums.
A disease of the eye caused by increased pressure within the eyeball. Glaucoma can lead to damage of the optic disk and gradual loss of vision.
The excretion of glucose in the urine. Normally, urine does not contain glucose as the kidneys are able to reclaim glucose back into the bloodstream.
A mass or nodule of chronically inflamed tissue.
A malignant tumour of the blood vessels, usually occurring in the skin, liver or spleen.
The volume of red blood cells in a sample of blood after it has been centrifuged (spun at high speeds). The PCV (Packed Cell Volume), or haematocrit, is expressed as a percentage. For example, normal for dogs is 40-59% and for cats is 29-50%.
The study of blood and diseases of the blood.
A localised swelling filled with blood outside the blood vessels. Usually occurs due to haemorrhage.
The presence of blood in the urine; often a clinical sign of urinary tract disease.
Bleeding.
Also known as Dirofilaria immitis, is a parasite that is spread from host to host via the bites of mosquitoes. The natural host is the dog but it can also infect cats and ferrets too. The worms mature in the heart and may cause a physical blockage as well as thickening of the heart and associated blood vessels.
Relating to, affecting, or associated with the liver.
Inflammation of the liver.
Abnormal enlargement of the liver.
Protrusion of an organ through a wall of the cavity in which it is normally enclosed.
A chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the animal.
A living animal on or in which a parasite lives.
The progeny of two animals of different races, breeds, varieties or species.
An abnormal increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity. This may cause increased pressure inside the skull and progressive enlargement of the head, brain damage and even death.
A prefix meaning more than normal.
High levels of glucose in the blood.
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
An allergic condition in which the body overreacts to certain substances, such as a bee sting or medication.
High blood pressure.
Elevated body temperature.
Increased production of thyroid hormones caused by an overactive thyroid gland. This condition is more commonly seen in cats.
An enlargement of an organ or a tissue as a result of an increase in the size of cells (rather than the number as in hyperplasia).
To breathe excessively hard and fast causing blood gas disorders.
A prefix meaning less than normal.
Low levels of glucose in the blood.
Incomplete formation of a structure or organ in the body.
Low blood pressure.
An abnormally low body temperature.
Decreased production of thyroid hormones caused by an underactive thyroid gland. This condition is more commonly seen in dogs.
Deficiency in the amount of oxygen delivered to the body tissues.
Also known as jaundice. It is a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes or whites of the eyes due to excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a form of diabetes in which patients have little or no ability to produce insulin and are therefore entirely dependent on insulin injections.
Disease arising from an unknown cause.
“Lack motility…”
The system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and infections.
Describes conditions which result from abnormal activity of the body’s immune system. For example, immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), is a disease in which the body’s immune system destroys the body’s own red blood cells.
A condition in which the animal’s immune system has been primed and is able to protect the body from a disease-causing agent such as a virus or bacteria.
The creation of immunity usually against a particular disease. Vaccination is a way to produce immunisation. However, a vaccinated animal is not always immune. If the body did not respond appropriately to the vaccine or if the vaccine was not administered correctly, immunity may not be stimulated.
Immunological disorder in which the body’s immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced. Can be caused by viral infections such as feline immunodeficiency virus in cats.
Pertaining to a substance that suppresses the immune system.
Vaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing viruses (or bacteria), killing them, and putting them into a liquid base. Also called a killed vaccine.
Loss of control over urination or defaecation.
The period between infection and the appearance of clinical signs of the disease.
Pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses.
Refers to the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites.
A local response to injury that is characterised by redness, heat, pain, swelling, and often loss of function.
Tending to occur among members of a family. Genetically transmitted features.
Inborn. A permanent characteristic present since birth.
A hormone secreted by the pancreas to regulate glucose in the body.
A condition where insulin becomes less effective at lowering blood sugars.
A host (animal, insect, snail etc) that harbours a parasite only for a short transition period, during which (usually) some developmental stage is completed.
The portion of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the stomach to the anus. It is usually divided into two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.
Inside the cell.
Inside the cranial cavity or head.
Into the muscle. Generally relates to the site an injection is given.
Into the nose. This is an effective way of vaccinating dogs against canine cough.
Into the vein. Generally relates to the site of injection of drugs or fluids.
Serious disorder in which part of the intestine slides, or telescopes, into another part of the intestine. This often blocks the intestine, preventing food or fluid from passing through.
The coloured portion of the eye is called the iris. In the centre of the iris is the black opening called the pupil.
Also called icterus, meaning that a yellow pigment is found in the blood and in the tissues. It is most easily seen in the gums and the whites of eyes. It can be caused by destruction of red blood cells, liver disease and obstruction of the bile duct.
The second part of the small intestine. The jejunum extends from the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) to the ileum (the final part of the small intestine).
Pertaining to the neck. The jugular veins carry deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart.
Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea (the clear part of the eye). The cornea becomes cloudy, resulting in loss of transparency. All types of keratitis must be treated by a veterinarian.
Also known as dry eye, is a condition that results from the inadequate production of tears.
A life-threatening condition associated with uncontrolled diabetes.
Also known as inactivated vaccines. Vaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing viruses (or bacteria), killing them, and putting them into a liquid base.
The secretion of milk from the mammary gland and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
The portion of the intestine that connects the small intestine to the anus. The large intestine is made up of the caecum, colon and rectum.
A distinct juvenile form many animals (such as insects or parasites) undergo before metamorphosis into adults.
Also known as the voicebox, it is located at the entrance to the trachea (or windpipe). The larynx acts to control the flow of air to the trachea and food and water to the oesophagus.
A dormant stage of disease occurring between exposure to a disease-causing agent and the onset of the disease.
A large organ in the front of the abdomen that is responsible for the detoxification of blood, the production of certain digestive enzymes and bile.
Are small glands composed of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes play a critical role in the immune system by destroying infectious agents (such as viruses and bacteria) and producing antibodies.
Defined as an animal’s inability to absorb the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients it needs from food.
Refers to becoming worse and even resulting in death. Malignant tumours are cancerous growths which expand quickly and can metastasize, or spread to other areas of the body.
A condition that results from taking an unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess, or in the wrong proportions.
Pertaining to the mammary gland or breast tissue.
The lower jaw.
Any of several skin diseases of mammals caused by parasitic mites that burrow into the skin or hair follicles. It is characterised by skin lesions, itching and loss of hair.
Mast cell tumours are cancerous proliferations of mast cells that can spread throughout the body. These tumours are the most frequently recognised malignant or potentially malignant tumours of dogs. They may develop anywhere on the body surface as well as in internal organs. Mast cell tumours have varying appearances ranging from a wart-like nodule to an ulcerated mass to a small lump.
Mastication or chewing is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth.
Refers to swelling, inflammation, and infection of the mammary glands.
Antibodies acquired by a newborn animal via the placenta or colostrum (antibody-rich milk) of the mother.
A functional disorder that is defined as dilation of the colon or large intestine. This leads to infrequent and difficult passage of faeces and constipation.
Darkening of the faeces by digested blood pigments. Typically the faeces look black in colour.
The long bones in the front foot connecting the toes to the bones of the wrist (carpus).
The spread of disease from one area of the body to another. Normally used in the context of a cancerous tumour spreading via the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
The long bones in the back foot connecting the toes to the bones of the ankle (tarsus).
The larval form of some parasitic worms. For example heartworm microfilariae circulate in the bloodstream of infected dogs.
A microscopic, single-celled organism. Microorganisms include bacteria, fungi and viruses.
A vaccine that utilises a live, attenuated (weakened) bacteria or virus to elicit an immune response.
Medications capable of breaking down or reducing the viscosity of mucus.
Thin layer of tissue lining cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal environment (such as the mouth, urinary bladder, eyelids). Also known as mucous membranes.
Thin layer of tissue lining cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal environment (such as the mouth, urinary bladder, eyelids). Also known as mucosa.
Pertaining to the muscles and skeleton (bones).
Is a neuromuscular disease in which severe muscle weakness is the primary sign. It is caused by an inability of certain nerve receptors to function properly.
Large or dilated pupil size.
Radiograph (x-ray) of the spinal cord taken after a radio-opaque dye has been injected into the space around the spinal cord.
Muscle of the heart.
To convert a liquid into a spray for inhalational treatments.
Also known as an autopsy or post-mortem examination. It refers to the examination of an animal after death.
Is the premature death of cells and living biological tissue.
Also known as roundworms.
A class of disease in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth, invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues, and sometimes spreads to other locations in the body. Can be used to describe malignant or benign tumours.
A condition involving a dysfunction of the nerves.
Also known as desexing. It involves the surgical removal of the testes in males or the ovaries and uterus in females.
Nodules are solid lumps or bumps found on an animal’s skin.
Medications with anti-inflammatory, analgaesic (pain reducing) and anti-pyretic (fever-reducing) effects. Non-steroidal distinguishes NSAIDs from other drugs which contain steroids, which are also anti-inflammatory.
Vaccines that should be administered to animals assessed to be at risk of that disease. For example leptospirosis and canine cough in dogs.
Not capable of causing disease.
A term combining the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”. It is used to describe a food or part of a food that allegedly provides medicinal or health benefits.
Any substance which has nutritious qualities.
A term to describe involuntary eye movement. Nystagmus can be horizontal, vertical or rotary.
A behavioural condition in which a pet repeatedly performs an action out of context.
Refers to a structure or process that is hidden or detected indirectly.
Pertaining to the eye.
The medical term for fluid retention in the body, causing swelling to occur in the affected area.
The part of the intestinal tract between the mouth and stomach.
Refers to a drug prescribed to treat a condition for which it has not been approved. Off-label use of a drug must be determined by the attending veterinarian.
A synthetic narcotic that resembles naturally occurring opium.
Term to describe an infection of the bone or bone marrow.
Relating to the ear.
Damaging to the structures of the ear.
The release of an egg from the ovary of the female.
A hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract during birth and the mammary glands to release milk.
The volume of blood cells in a sample of blood after it has been centrifuged The PCV, or haematocrit, is expressed as a percentage. For example, normal for dogs is 40-59% and for cats is 29-50%.
Acceptable to the taste; readily eaten.
The act of feeling with the hand or fingers. A phase of the physical examination in which the sense of touch is used to gather information essential for diagnosis.
A term that describes inflammation of the pancreas. Clinical signs include vomiting, lethargy and a painful abdomen.
Also known as chronic superficial keratitis, it is an inflammatory condition of the cornea in which blood vessels grow across the surface.
A small solid bump rising from the skin that is usually less than 1 centimetre in diameter.
Refers to loss of motor function due to impairment of muscles or nerves.
A substance used to destroy parasites.
Refers to the administration of a drug into the body through some way other than the digestive tract, such as subcutaneous or intravenous injection.
Refers to partial loss of motor function due to impairment of muscles or nerves.
Term used to describe delivery of a baby or giving birth.
Is the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. It can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the newborn animal in colostrum, and can also be transferred artificially, such as a plasma transfusion.
Causing disease. Usually used to describe bacteria which are capable of causing disease.
Person who specialises in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids.
The volume of blood cells in a sample of blood after it has been centrifuged. The PCV, or haematocrit, is expressed as a percentage. For example, normal for dogs is 40-59% and for cats is 29-50%.
A painful condition of the skin surrounding the anus, in which small tracts open up, bleed and get infected.
The region of the body between the genitals and the anus.
A thin membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and covers most abdominal organs.
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
The bones that are in the toes.
Chemicals released by an animal enabling it to communicate with other members of its own species.
Refers to an increase in the reactivity of the skin to sunlight. It can cause reddening and blistering of the skin.
A pattern of eating non-food materials (such as dirt or rocks).
A dummy medication or treatment.
A biofilm that develops naturally on the teeth. It is formed by colonising bacteria trying to attach itself to the smooth surface of a tooth.
Are found in the blood of animals and functions to promote blood clotting. Also known as thrombocytes.
The term means inflammation of more than one joint. Often used in the context of infectious or immune-mediated diseases.
Having more than the normal number of toes.
Excessive thirst and drinking.
An abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane.
Excessive appetite and eating.
Excessive production of urine.
After surgery or an operation.
The fold of skin that covers the penis.
A hormone produced by the ovaries which is responsible for the continuation of pregnancy and a myriad of other functions.
The forecasted outcome of a disease process or treatment.
Describes a medical condition where part of the rectum protrudes through the anus.
Any of a large group of single-celled organisms that live in water or as parasites. Examples include Giardia and Coccidia species.
Itchiness.
Pertaining to the lungs.
The artery that carries blood with low levels of oxygen from the heart to the lungs.
The accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
A small lump in the skin filled with pus.
A bacterial infection of the skin.
An accumulation of pus within the uterus.
A branch of veterinary science dealing with the medical use of X-rays to diagnose and treat disease.
Lying down.
Expelling food from the oesophagus.
Pertaining to the kidneys.
Also called renal failure, is when the kidneys no longer function well enough to maintain a normal state of health.
Pertaining to respiration, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Term referring to the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the inner eye.
Refers to a fungal skin infection.
Microscopic gland in the skin that secretes an oily/waxy substance.
Is a behavioural condition where dogs, when left alone, exhibit distress and behavioural problems.
A toxic state caused by the absorption of pathogenic microorganisms and their products into the bloodstream or tissues.
A toxic state caused by the absorption of pathogenic microorganisms and their products into the bloodstream.
Refers to blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against an antigen or microorganism.
The clear yellowish fluid obtained upon separating whole blood into its solid and liquid components after it has been allowed to clot.
A term used to describe the release of organisms (bacteria, protozoa, viruses) into the environment from an infected animal.
The microscopic examination of cells that have been collected from the skin.
A diagnostic test used in almost every skin condition. The skin is scraped and the material examined under a microscope.
A special type of muscle responsible for the contractility of hollow organs, such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, or the uterus.
Term referring to the surgical removal of the reproductive organs (ovaries and uterus) of the female animal.
A ring of muscle which holds any kind of biological opening closed.
A large abdominal organ with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system.
Refers to the state in which the normal flow of a body liquid stops, for example the flow of intestinal contents through the digestive tract.
A very serious neurological condition in which the brain experiences a prolonged seizure, or a series of prolonged seizures without a full return to consciousness in between.
Also known as a stricture, is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular or structure, such as the intestine.
Also known as ammonium magnesium phosphate. Struvite can form stones in the urinary bladder.
Under the skin.
Refers to incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint.
Is the sudden loss of consciousness, or fainting.
Is the most movable and widespread type of joint throughout the body. Examples include the knee, elbow and hip.
Pertaining to or affecting the whole body rather than localised.
Refers to a faster than normal resting heart rate.
Refers to a faster than normal resting respiratory, or breathing, rate.
The animal equivalent of an ankle. It is also known as the hock.
A build-up of bacteria, saliva, and food on the teeth which becomes mineralised, forming a hard coating and eventually causing gum disease and possibly tooth loss.
The joint where the lower jaw bone, or the mandible, meets the skull.
The medical term that refers to a low or reduced platelet count.
Is an organised group of cells, not necessarily identical, that together carry out a specific function.
Is a measure of concentration. Normally refers to the level of antibodies in blood to a particular antigen.
To be applied to external body surfaces such as the skin.
A generic term for the presence of toxin in the blood.
Refers to inflammation of the trachea and bronchi.
A tumour is an abnormal growth of body tissue. Tumours can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign).
A defect of the skin, cornea or mucous membrane caused by the loss of damaged tissue.
A technique used to produce an image of a deep structure within the body by directing ultrasound waves at it and recording the reflections (echoes) from it.
Also known as the belly button. The umbilicus is where the umbilical cord attaches to the foetus during pregnancy.
Is a salt derived from uric acid. Urate can form stones in the urinary bladder.
Is a compound which is essentially the waste produced when the body metabolises protein.
Is the loss of voluntary control of urination.
A term to describe one of many different conditions that disrupt normal urine flow from the body.
Also known as hives. Raised, itchy areas of skin that are usually a sign of an allergic reaction.
Refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye.
The administration of a vaccine to stimulate immunity to a disease.
A vaccine failure is when an animal develops a disease in spite of being vaccinated against it. There is usually nothing wrong with the vaccine, but for some reason, the animal’s immune system did not adequately respond to it.
Inflammation of blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by muscles in their walls.
Vasodilation is the widening (dilation) of blood vessels by the relaxation of the muscles in their walls.
The cranial vena cava is the large vein which returns blood to the heart from the head, neck and both upper limbs. The caudal vena cava returns blood to the heart from the lower part of the body.
The large, muscular chambers of the heart that pump blood to the body or lungs.
Is the system comprised of the inner ear, nerves and brain, that provides a sense of balance.
A small infectious agent that is unable to replicate outside a living animal cell.
Abnormal twisting of the intestines or stomach. This can be a life threatening condition due to the loss of blood supply and accumulation of toxic gases and fluids in the portion of the obstructed bowel segment.
The act of a dog giving birth.
Are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) and foreign materials.
A time period in the life of a young animal in which the maternal antibodies are too low to provide protection against a certain disease, but too high to allow a vaccine to work and produce immunity.
High-energy electromagnetic radiation used to take radiographs.
A term used to describe any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from animals to humans.